Drought and agriculture in Namibi

 

Namibia declared a national state of emergency in May 2024 because of the persistent drought. The country has always been vulnerable to water scarcity, which has had a prolonged impact on the national economy. Agriculture is obviously the sector most affected, and uncertainty in farming communities is a danger to national food security.

The knock-on effects of prolonged or repeated droughts also include loss of biodiversity, water scarcity, displacement of communities, and increased vulnerability to poverty. These consequences are made worse if agricultural practices further degrade the land through overgrazing, deforestation, or other unsustainable activities.

 

Climate change and global warming

 

Namibia is one of the driest countries in the world, with 92% of it classified as 'arid'. Severe water scarcity is a constant challenge to agriculture and human settlements, and the country is ranked as the world’s 21st-most water stressed country by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This is a threat to food security, since 11% of Namibian households depend on subsistence farming for food, and the IMF reports that 70% of the Namibian population earn their livelihood directly or indirectly from agriculture.

However, water scarcity also has implications for energy security, as the bulk of domestic electricity in Namibia is generated by hydropower. Since 2023, the deepening drought has exposed the Namibian economy’s vulnerability to climate change and global warming. Insufficient water contributed to slower gross domestic product growth in 2024 and caused serious socioeconomic consequences. 

 

You can reduce water consumption considerably by using modern drip-irrigation techniques

 

Many experts believe the country’s vulnerability to climate change will deepen over time, in the face of rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Namibia's average annual temperature is expected to increase by at least 2°C by 2050, with a projection of 15 to 40 more days a year when the temperature reaches above 35°C across the country.

 

Climate change adaptation

 

The Namibian government is committed to supporting a more resilient agriculture sector, adapted to survive worsening climate conditions. There has been significant public sector support for agriculture through a national drought relief programme – including the National Drought Preparedness Policy, the Disaster Risk Management Act, and the Forestry Act − focused especially on addressing land degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate change to achieve sustainable development goals. There is also a Green Climate Fund project to strengthen climate information and early warning systems, for better adaptation planning.

 

Making your agribusiness more sustainable

 

If you’re involved in the agribusiness value chain in Namibia, you have options available to make your business more sustainable and resilient to climate change, even under punishing drought conditions. New technologies like GPS mapping and data collection by drone can keep you up to date with changes in soil quality or water requirements on farming land, making interventions much more focused and effective.   

Farming techniques can make a huge difference. Mixed cropping is the practice of growing more than one crop simultaneously in the same field because the plants interact with the soil and each other in complementary ways. Grown together, they produce more reliable yields than they would when grown alone as monocrops. Cover crops that you don’t intend to harvest can cover fields in the off-season to help the soil retain water and reduce soil erosion by wind.

Perhaps most importantly for a drought-prone climate, irrigating crops using furrows or sprinkler systems is not the most sustainable use of water. You can reduce water consumption considerably by using modern drip-irrigation techniques, and planting cultivars that require less water.

Nedbank Namibia offers a full suite of finance and banking options for your agribusiness, as well as expert guidance and support.